An input is information or data sent to a system.
In the world of blockchain and cryptocurrencies, an input refers to the data that is entered into a system, such as a blockchain network. For instance, in the case of a Bitcoin transaction, the input would be the source transaction of the bitcoins being sent, effectively denoting from where the sent bitcoins originated. Each input refers back to a previous output, and in this way, the blockchain verifies that the sender has sufficient balance to send a transaction.
If Alice is sending 1 BTC to Bob, the input of the transaction would refer to a previous transaction where Alice received or mined the Bitcoin.